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| Application | A short peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome and a member of the larger group of mitochondrial-derived peptides |
| CAS | 1627580-64-6 |
| Molar Mass | 2174.64 g/mol |
| Chemical Formula | C101H152N28O22S2 |
| Amino Acid Sequence | Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg |
| Synonyms | Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c, MT-RNR1 |
| Storage | Store in refrigerator at 4°C, tightly sealed, away from heat, light and moisture. |
| Solubility | Soluble in water |
| Organoleptic Profile | Fine white powder in 3mL glass aliquot |
| Composition | Each aliquot contains MOTS-C 10mg |
| Specification | MOTS-C content (per aliquot): MOTS-C 10mg |
| Terms | This material is sold for laboratory research use only. Terms of sale apply. Not for human consumption, nor medical, veterinary, or household uses. Please click the word Research Chemical to better understand what they are. *RESEARCH CHEMICAL. You should also review our Terms & Conditions. |
*Research chemicals are chemical substances used by scientists for medical and scientific research purposes. One characteristic of a research chemical is that it is for laboratory research use only; a research chemical is not intended for human or veterinary use. This distinction is required on the labels of research chemicals, and is what exempts them from regulation under parts 100-740 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR).
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Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide composed of 16 amino acids encoded by the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome. The MOTS-c protein is transferred to the nucleus during metabolic stress and directs the expression of nuclear genes to promote cell balance. Different tissues co-expressed the protein with mitochondria, and plasma also contained the protein, but its level decreased with age. In addition, MOTS-c has been shown to improve glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle, which indicates its benefits for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and aging. Nevertheless, MOTS-c has been used less frequently in disease treatment, and no effective method of applying MOTS-c in the clinic has been developed. Throughout this paper, we discussed the discovery and physiological function of mitochondrial-derived polypeptide MOTS-c, and the application of MOTS-c in the treatment of various diseases, such as aging, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and inflammation. To provide additional ideas for future research and development, we tapped into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of MOTS-c to improve diseases and combined the technology with synthetic biology in order to offer a new approach to its development and application.
Mitochondria are organelles produced by archaea that are required for the production of ATP. The organism exhibits semi-autonomous genetic systems, independent genomes, and unique genetic codes that are similar to those found in bacteria. Recently, a short open reading frame (sORF) encoded in the mitochondrial genome has been discovered. These sORF produce bioactive peptides, collectively known as mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDP), which have a wide range of physiological functions and can explain how mitochondria communicate within and between cells in a specific disease environment. Mitochondrial-derived peptides may answer the key biological problems that have plagued the field for decades (such as mitochondrial-nuclear communication, metabolic dysfunction, etc.). Whether in the form of mitochondrial-derived peptide itself or in terms of sORF, mitochondrial-derived peptide is suitable for research as a therapeutic agent.
Studies discovered mitochondrial-derived peptide called MOTS-c has been shown to significantly reduce the level of pro-inflammatory factors in mice and increase anti-inflammatory factors and insulin-stimulated glucose treatment rates, as well as glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, human studies showed that exercise increased MOTS-c levels in skeletal muscle and blood circulation, indicating that MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide induced by skeletal muscle exercise. Additionally, more and more studies have revealed the importance of MOTS-c in regulating obesity and diabetes, longevity , and cardiovascular disease. Specifically, this paper discusses the application of mitochondrial-derived peptides, including MOTS-c, in the treatment of diseases and anticipates the future development direction of MOTS-c combining synthetic biology to provide new ideas on how it can be developed and applied.
MOTS-c, one of the newly discovered sORF-encoded peptides, is a 16-amino acid polypeptide encoded by the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and localized to mitochondria under resting conditions. Translation of MOTS-c peptide occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, as mitochondrial translation, using the mitochondria-specific genetic code, results in tandem codons. As a result, the polyadenylated transcript would be exported from the mitochondria. The sequence of MOTS-c peptides, especially the first 11 residues, is highly conserved among 14 species, including humans and mice.
